Other challenges are related to the lack of optimized device designs and predictive theoretical models to evaluate and simulate the fundamental properties and performance of (Si)GeSn layers and heterostructures. The main outstanding challenges include the difficulty to grow high-crystalline quality layers and heterostructures at the desired content and lattice strain, preserve the material integrity during growth and throughout device processing steps, and control doping and defect density. Notwithstanding the recent exciting developments in (Si)GeSn materials and devices, this family of semiconductors is still facing serious limitations that need to be addressed to enable reliable and scalable applications. The demonstration of device-quality epi-layers and quantum-engineered heterostructures has meant that tunable all-group IV Si-integrated infrared photonics is now a real possibility. " (Si)GeSn semiconductors are finally coming of age after a long gestation period. The sensor showcases the myriad degrees of freedom offered by organic semiconductors that are not available in inorganics and heralds a fundamentally unexplored route for simultaneous spectral and polarimetric imaging." A detector is also experimentally demonstrated, which simultaneously registers four spectral channels and three polarization channels. We show that the design can sense 15 spectral channels over a 350-nanometer bandwidth. Multiple spectral and polarization channels are obtained by exploiting the P-OPVs’ anisotropic response and the retarders’ dispersion. The design consists of stacking polarization-sensitive organic photovoltaics (P-OPVs) and polymer retarders. To overcome these limitations, we present a stomatopod-inspired sensor capable of snapshot hyperspectral and polarization sensing in a single pixel. These approaches incur fundamental artifacts that degrade imaging performance. Existing methods rely on temporal data acquisition or snapshot imaging of spatially separated detectors. As a result, the illumination value, exposure time, object size, and other experimental conditions can be pre-selected to reduce the noise in holograms used in metrological and infrared applications and optical encryption." Combining hyperspectral and polarimetric imaging provides a powerful sensing modality with broad applications from astronomy to biology. The resulting equations make it possible to estimate the camera noise's effect on the reconstructed images before the experiments were conducted. The effect of the camera noise on the phase image reconstruction was also estimated. Characteristics of different types of CCD and CMOS cameras were used: digital single-lens reflex (DSLR), scientific, industrial, and video surveillance cameras. The resulting equation was tested experimentally using digital holograms of diffusely scattering objects. They relate to a number of values: shot noise, dark temporal noise, fixed-pattern noise, camera's dynamic range, quantization noise, reference and object beam intensities, and the ratio between the object area and the entire reconstructed field. Analytical equations for estimation of SNR of reconstructed amplitude image were obtained. This work is concerned with studying the effect of a digital camera's main noise components on hologram reconstruction. These restrictions determine the maximum possible signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of digital holograms and reconstructed images. There are several limitations related to reconstructed image quality: speckle noise, twin images, zero order, light (shot noise) and dark temporal noise, camera fixed-pattern noise (spatial noise), dynamic range, and quantization noise.
Digital holography allows registering and reconstructing information about 3D objects and 3D scenes.
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